Knowledge of the effects and nature of heat is necessary for a clear understanding of H.E.A.T. Machine technology.\u00a0 I have included this information for those who have no understanding of heat to have a reference point to study from and gather more information.\u00a0 For those who know something of heat and its effects this will be a review.<\/p>\n
Heat is a form of energy, and since it is not a substance, it can only be dealt with only through its effects on substances.\u00a0 Every substance on earth contains some heat, so that when a body is \u201ccold\u201d it means only that the heat which it contains is less concentrated or less intense than the heat in some other body used for comparison.\u00a0 One instructor told me, there is no such thing as cold, only a relative lack of heat.<\/p>\n
Absolute zero<\/strong>:\u00a0 As heat is removed from a substance its temperature decreases and there must be some point where there will be no more heat remaining in the substance to be extracted.\u00a0 This point is known as absolute zero (-459.6oF) and has been determined only theoretically.<\/p>\n Measurement of heat<\/strong>:\u00a0 In order to measure the heat in a substance, we must consider (1) the concentration of the heat and (2) the heat holding nature of the substance.\u00a0 The white hot filament of an electric light bulb may contain fewer heat units than a pail of warm water, but in the filament the heat is more highly concentrated.\u00a0 Temperature expresses the concentration of heat in a body, and this concentration is determined by measuring its effect on some other material which has been agreed upon as a standard of measurement.\u00a0 Mercury thermometers are an example of a device in general acceptance.<\/p>\n Heat flow<\/strong>:\u00a0 Heat flows from bodies of higher temperature to bodies of lower temperature in a manner similar to that in which water flows from a higher level to a lower level; and like water, it can be pumped uphill, from which point it can flow away in a different direction.\u00a0 When two substances are brought into thermal contact (so heat can flow) the heat starts to flow from one into the other till their temperatures are equal, at which time the flow stops.\u00a0 The greater the temperature difference between the two bodies, the faster the heat flow; and as the temperature difference approaches zero, the rate of heat flow approaches zero.\u00a0 Heat can flow from one substance to another in three ways, or a combination of these.<\/p>\n (1) Radiation<\/strong>:\u00a0 In radiation, as from the sun, in which no material substance acts as a carrier, radiant heat may pass through a transparent substance without warming it and is stopped or absorbed only by an opaque substance.\u00a0 Usually darker objects will absorb more heat than lighter ones.\u00a0 Like light, radiant heat travels in a straight line from its source and can best be reflected with a polished surface.\u00a0 For this reason, areas that you don\u2019t want to absorb radiant heat should be surfaced with light colored reflective surfaces.<\/p>\n (2) Conduction<\/strong>:\u00a0 In conduction, as through a bar or tube from one end to the other, the heat is passes from one particle of material to the next one touching it.\u00a0 The flow of heat by conduction also takes place on the surface of the object to a liquid or gas touching it.<\/p>\n (3) Convection<\/strong>:\u00a0 Convection is the transfer of heat from a warm body to a cold one by a fluid (liquid or gas) acting as a carrier between the two.\u00a0 In natural convection the fluid usually absorbs heat by conduction, when fluids absorb heat they become lighter and rise (up against gravity).\u00a0 The extra heat is usually given to some other \u201ccooler\u201d medium and the carrier fluid becomes heavy again, dropping down to be heated again.\u00a0 In mechanical convection, the working medium is pumped form the warm to cold bodies and back again.\u00a0 In any convection system, care must be taken to design for the most direct route.<\/p>\n Unit of heat<\/strong>:\u00a0 The \u201camount of heat\u201d added to, or subtracted from, a body can be measured best by the rise and fall in the temperature of a known weight of a substance.\u00a0 As a standard for all heat measurement, the unit of heat has been agreed upon to be 1\/180 part of the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water from 32oF to 212oF at atmospheric pressure.\u00a0 This amount of heat is known as the British thermal unit, or BTU.<\/p>\n Specific heat<\/strong>:\u00a0 The specific heat of a substance is the ratio of the heat required to raise the temperature of a unit weight of the substance 1o\u00a0to the heat required to raise the temperature of water 1o\u00a0at some specified temperature.\u00a0 The specific heat is thus numerically equal to the number of BTU\u2019s required to raise the temperature of one pound of the substance through 1oF.\u00a0 The specific heat of water is 1 by adoption as standard and the specific heat of another substance (solid, liquid or gas) is determined experimentally by comparing it with water.\u00a0 Specific heat expresses the\u00a0heat holding<\/strong>\u00a0nature of a substance compared to the heat holding capability of water.<\/p>\n Sensible heat<\/strong>:\u00a0 Heat added to (or subtracted from) a substance without causing a change in state will cause an increase (or decrease) in temperature that can be measured with a thermometer.<\/p>\n Latent heat<\/strong>:\u00a0 This is heat added (or subtracted) from a substance that can\u2019t be measured with a thermometer.\u00a0 This is the heat required for a substance to \u201cchange its state\u201d at its freezing or boiling point. \u00a0If it is at its freezing point, it is called the latent heat of fusion.\u00a0 If it is at its boiling point, and is going from a liquid to a gas, it is called its latent heat of vaporization.\u00a0 If it is at its boiling point, and is going from a gas to a liquid, it is sometimes called its latent heat of condensation.<\/p>\n A solid won\u2019t get hotter than its freezing point no matter how much heat is applied, it will simply thaw faster.\u00a0 The resulting liquid can then continue to rise in temperature with \u201csensible heat\u201d.<\/p>\n Increasing the pressure on a substance will raise its freezing or boiling temperature but will not affect its latent heat of fusion or evaporation.<\/p>\n Decreasing the pressure on a substance will lower its freezing or boiling temperature but will not affect its latent heat of fusion or evaporation.<\/p>\n The latent heat of fusion of water at 32oF at atmospheric pressure is 144 BTU per pound (freezing or melting)<\/p>\n The latent heat of vaporization of water at 212oF at atmospheric pressure is 970.3 BTU per pound (condensing or evaporating).<\/p>\n Total heat<\/strong>:\u00a0 Since measurements of the total heat in a certain weight of a substance cannot be started at absolute zero, a temperature is adopted at which it is assumed there is no heat and tables of data are constructed on that basis for practical use.\u00a0 Data tables giving the heat content of most commonly used refrigerants start at -40oF below zero as the assumed point of no heat;\u00a0 tables for water and steam start at 32oF above zero.\u00a0 Data tables usually show a notation showing the starting point for heat content measurement.<\/p>\n Insulation<\/strong>:\u00a0 There would be no way for refrigeration systems to work if insulation was not applied to enclose the area being cooled.\u00a0 Insulation should be applied that effectively reduces heat transfer to your cooled area by radiation, conduction and convection.<\/p>\n Refrigerants<\/strong>:\u00a0 A liquid has different boiling temperatures (points) for different pressures under which is confined.\u00a0 The boiling point is also the condensation point for that pressure.\u00a0 This pressure-temperature relation must be determined experimentally for each liquid.<\/p>\n Water boils at 212oF at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi absolute or zero psi gauge).\u00a0 Water boils at 100oF at 28 inches of vacuum, Hg (.98 psi absolute) and at 338oF at 100 psi (gauge)<\/p>\n Because most liquids used as refrigerants have low boiling points, they can not exist as liquids at ordinary atmospheric temperatures and pressures.\u00a0 They are held as liquids by confining them under higher pressures.<\/p>\n Usually if refrigerant liquids are simply confined in a container, at atmospheric temperature, some of the liquid will turn to vapor, thus pressurizing the container enough that the rest of the liquid will stay in the liquid state.\u00a0 If outside temperatures go up, a little more of the liquid will vaporize and the container\u2019s interior pressure will rise again to maintain the rest of the liquid as liquid.\u00a0 If outside temperatures go down, container pressures drop as it losses heat.<\/p>\n So cooling the container is a good way to reduce pressure and\/or cause the gasses to lose their latent heat of vaporization and condense.<\/p>\n Critical temperature<\/strong>:\u00a0 The temperature beyond which a liquid can no longer exist as a liquid, no matter how much pressure is applied.<\/p>\n Critical pressure<\/strong>:\u00a0 The maximum pressure that can be applied to a liquid to prevent it from changing into a gas.<\/p>\n Beyond the critical temperature and pressure point of a liquid, it will turn into a gas.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t have a container strong enough to hold the pressure resulting in the sudden expansion of liquid to gas in an enclosed area, then your container will explode.<\/p>\n My brother and I learned this the hard way.\u00a0 Interestingly enough, it was on the exact same day the space shuttle Challenger blew up.<\/p>\n Saturated Refrigerant<\/strong>:\u00a0 When the temperature of a liquid is raised to the boiling point corresponding with its pressure, both liquid and gas exist together and the condition is called saturated.\u00a0 Below the boiling point it is only liquid.\u00a0 Above the boiling point it is only gas and becomes what is called superheated gas.<\/p>\n Strictly speaking, saturated gas is \u201cvapor\u201d until it is superheated and then it is a gas.<\/p>\n Evaporator<\/strong>:\u00a0 The evaporator provides contact for the refrigerant gasses and the area (substance) to be cooled.\u00a0 Liquid refrigerant in the evaporator is maintained at a low enough pressure that it is well below its boiling point for the temperature of the substance to be cooled.\u00a0 As the liquid refrigerant boils, it soaks up large amounts of latent heat.<\/p>\n In my H.E.A.T. Machine technology the evaporator is or is incorporated into my boiler.<\/p>\n Compressor<\/strong>:\u00a0 In order to remove the \u201chot\u201d (boiled) gasses from the evaporator, ordinary refrigeration systems use a compressor.\u00a0 When the \u201chot\u201d gasses are compressed, they rise in temperature according to Boyles Law.\u00a0 They also rise in pressure, which raises the boiling point, so the gasses don\u2019t have to lose as much temperature before they will condense.<\/p>\n Condenser<\/strong>:\u00a0 The condenser is the heat exchanger that allows the heat from the compressed \u201chot\u201d gasses to leave the refrigerant and go out into the surrounding (cooler) environment, like your kitchen.\u00a0 That would be an air cooled condenser.\u00a0 You can cool condensers with liquid or solids as well.<\/p>\n In my H.E.A.T. Machine technology, there is no condenser as such; the gasses have the heat taken out of them by doing mechanical work.<\/p>\n The condensed refrigerant drains (or is pumped) from the condenser into a storage reservoir where it waits its next chance at the evaporator.<\/p>\n Expansion valve<\/strong>:\u00a0 Sometimes is a simple orifice, the expansion device allows only enough refrigerant into the evaporator for what the compressor removes, thus keeping the maximum boiling action going on.\u00a0 At least until the cooling system has done its job.<\/p>\n Generally speaking, my H.E.A.T. Machine technology replaces the expansion valve with a turbine.\u00a0 There is a company called Creative Energy Systems, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, that uses this concept to advantage.\u00a0 They recognized that the pressure reducing valves on high pressure gas pipelines could be replaced with turbines.\u00a0 In this manner they get the pressure drop (across the turbine) required to operate their appliances and recover some of the energy that was expended in pressureizing the gas.\u00a0 This works because the turbine converts the heat energy in the gas to mechanical energy.\u00a0 The result is a cooler gas coming out of the turbine.\u00a0 The cooler gas has less volume, therefor less pressure.<\/p>\n In order to understand the H.E.A.T. Machine, you will also have to understand what is known as the GAS LAWS.\u00a0 I will give you a preview here so you can look them up in your physics books to more completely understand them.\u00a0 For example terms like \u201catmosphere\u201d, \u201cmole\u201d, and \u201coK\u201d.\u00a0 They are not hard but you need a gut feeling for them or you may not understand some of the H.E.A.T. Machine design concepts.\u00a0 You will also want to get familier with various conversion tables because data that you find may be metric.<\/p>\n Perfect Gas Law<\/strong>:\u00a0 PV = nRT<\/p>\n P = Pressure in atmospheres<\/p>\n V = Volume in liters<\/p>\n n = number of moles<\/p>\n R = Gas constant (0.0821 liter-atmospheres\/oK\/mole.<\/p>\n T = Temperature in degrees K<\/p>\n If constant pressure, \u00a0\u00a0 V1\/V2 = T1\/T2<\/p>\n If constant temperature, \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P1\/P2 = V2\/V1<\/p>\n If constant volume, \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P1\/P2 = T1\/T2<\/p>\n Of course in real life nothing is constant, so the real answer usually involves a combination of the above.<\/p>\n Boyle\u2019s Law<\/strong>:<\/p>\n If temperature is kept constant, the volume of a given mass of gas (mole) is inversely proportional to the pressure which is exerted upon it.<\/p>\n Initial Pressure\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Pressure Change<\/p>\n Initial Volume\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Volume Change<\/p>\n Charles\u2019s Law<\/strong>:<\/p>\n If pressure is kept constant, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure which is exerted upon it.<\/p>\n InitiaI Volume\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Volume Change<\/p>\n Initial Temp. oK\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Final Temp. oK<\/p>\n There are more Gas Laws but these are the most applicable.<\/p>\n Work<\/strong>\u00a0is defined as a force moving through a distance.\u00a0 One foot-pound (ft-lb) is one pound moving through a distance of one foot.<\/p>\n Heat<\/strong>\u00a0is the energy that is transfered between two regions because of a difference in their temperatures.<\/p>\n Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n American Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASRAE) Refrigerating fluid Charts and Tables, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.<\/p>\n Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by Althouse \/ Turnquist \/ Bracciano, copyright 1992.\u00a0 Published by The Goodhart-Willcox Company, Inc., South Holland, Illinois.<\/p>\n Heat Engines, Thermodynamics in Theory and Practice, by John F. Sandfort, Published by Anchor Books, Doubleday &Co. Inc., Garden City, New York, copyright 1962.<\/p>\n How to Make Home Electricity From Wind, Water and Sunshine,\u00a0 By John A Kuecken.\u00a0 Published by TAB Books Inc., Blue Ridge Summit, PA, 17214.\u00a0 Copyright 1979.<\/p>\n Theory and Tests of Two-Phase Turbines, by David G. Elliott.\u00a0 Prepared for the US Dept. of Energy through an agreement with NASA by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.\u00a0 March 15, 1982.\u00a0 JPL Publication 81-105.<\/p>\n DOE\/ER-10614-1, distribution category UC-66d, UC-93.<\/p>\n Boundary-Layer Breakthrough, The Bladeless Turbine, Volume II. Tesla technology Series, compiled by Jeffery A. Hayes.\u00a0 Published by High Energy Enterprises, Inc., PO Box 5636, Security, Colorado, 80931.<\/p>\n Tesla\u2019s Engine, A New Dimension For Power, compiled by Jeffery A Hayes.\u00a0 Published by Tesla Engine Builders Association (TEBA), 5464 N. Port Washington Road, Suite 293, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53217.<\/p>\n How To Obtain Abundant Clean Energy, by Linda Baine McGown.\u00a0 California State University, Long Beach, California and John O\u2019M. Bockris, Texas A &M, Collage Station, Texas.\u00a0 Plenum Press, New York and London, 227 West 17th Street, New York, NY, 10011.\u00a0 Copyright 1980.<\/p>\n The Problem of Increasing Human Energy, with special reference to harnessing of the sun\u2019s energy, by Nikola Tesla.\u00a0 Originally published in Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, June 1900.\u00a0 Republished as Volume I. The Tesla Technology Series, with introduction by Jeffery A. Hayes and Steven R. Elswick by High Energy Enterprises, Inc., PO Box 5636, Security, Colorado, 80931.<\/p>\n Tesla, Man Out of Time, by Margaret Cheney.\u00a0 Copyright 1981.\u00a0 Published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.\u00a0 Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 07632.<\/p>\n The Solar Electric Home, a photovoltaics how-to handbook, by Joel Davidson and Richard Komp.\u00a0 Copyright 1983, published by Aatec Publications, PO Box 7119, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48107.<\/p>\n Electronic Design and Construction of Alternate Energy Projects, by R. Andrews Motes, copyright 1985.\u00a0 Published by TAB Books Inc., Blue Ridge Summit, PA, 17214.<\/p>\n The Sun, Second Edition, our Future Energy Source, by David K. McDaniels, University of Oregon, copyright 1984.\u00a0 Reprint, published by Kriger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1991.<\/p>\n Our Future Motive Power, by Nikola Tesla.\u00a0 Pages 230 to 236, Everyday Science and Mechanics, December 1931.<\/p>\n Solar Technology and Energy for Vital Economic Needs, The S.T.E.V.E.N. Foundation, 414 Triphammer Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850.\u00a0 Professor Vanek.<\/p>\n The Alternative, by Dennis Lee.\u00a0 A 150 page book and set of three video tapes available from Better World Technologies, PO Box 447, Vernon, New Jersey, 07462.<\/p>\n Borderland Sciences Research Foundation, PO Box 429, Garberville, CA, 95542.\u00a0 Attn; Peter Lindemann.<\/p>\n I wish to extend a special thanks to the International Tesla Society for having me as a guest speaker and for all the little ways they support alternative energy technology, particularly technology that applies the work of Nikola Tesla.<\/p>\n The International Tesla Society has now been disbanded.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"product-resource-group":[118],"restricted-resource-tag":[],"class_list":["post-1080","product-resource","type-product-resource","status-publish","hentry","product-resource-group-heat-technology-resources"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquacure-jeffro-dev.linksdev.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product-resource\/1080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquacure-jeffro-dev.linksdev.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product-resource"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquacure-jeffro-dev.linksdev.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product-resource"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquacure-jeffro-dev.linksdev.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product-resource-group","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aquacure-jeffro-dev.linksdev.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product-resource-group?post=1080"},{"taxonomy":"restricted-resource-tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aquacure-jeffro-dev.linksdev.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/restricted-resource-tag?post=1080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}